Chapter 3
Ethics and Privacy
*Ethical Issues:
v Ethics: deals with what is considered to be right and wrong
v Code of Ethics : A
collection of principles that are intended to guide decision making by members
of an organization.
Ethical Frameworks:
Ø Utilitarian
Approach
: An ethical
action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm
Ø Rights
Approach
: An ethical
action is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of affected
people
Ø Moral Rights:
o
The right to make your own
choices
o
The right to be told the truth
o
The right of privacy
Ø Fairness
Approach
: Ethical
actions treat all human beings equally, or, if unequally, then fairly , based
on some defensible standard.
Ø Common
good Approach
: Highlights the
interlocking relationships that underlie all societies. This approach
argues that respect and compassion for all is the basis for ethical actions
Fundamental Tenets of Ethics:
Ø Responsibility : means that you accept the consequences of your decisions
and actions.
Ø Accountability : a determination of who is responsible for actions that
were taken
Ø Liability : a legal concept meaning that individuals have the right
to recover the damages done to them by other
Ø Consider
the following decisions:
1.
Should organizations monitor employees’ Web surfing and
E-mail?
2.
Should organizations sell customers’ information to other
companies?
3.
Should organizations audit employees’
computers for unauthorized software or illegal downloaded music or video files?
*Privacy:
v
Privacy Issues
Privacy: is the right to be left alone and to be free
of unreasonable personal intrusions.
Information Privacy: the right to
determine when, and to what extent, information about yourself can be gathered
and/or communicated
The right of
privacy is not absolute !.
Ø
Your
privacy must be balanced against the needs of society.
Ø
The
public’s right to know is superior to the individual’s right of privacy.
v Accuracy Issues : involve the authenticity,
fidelity and accuracy of information that is collected and processed
v Property Issues : involve the ownership and value
of information.
v Accessibility Issues : revolve around who
should have access to information and whether they should have to pay for this
access
*Threats
to Privacy:
v Data
aggregators
: companies that
collect public data (e.g., real estate records, telephone numbers) and nonpublic
data (e.g., social security numbers, financial data, police records, motor
vehicle records) and integrate them to produce digital dossiers
v Digital
dossiers : an electronic description of you and your habits
v Profiling : use of computers to combine data from multiple sources
and create digital dossiers of detailed information on individuals
v
NORA (nonobvious
relationship awareness) , new data analysis technique for even more powerful
profiling
v Electronic
Surveillance
v The tracking of people‘s activities ,online or offline, with the aid of
computers
v Personal Information in Databases
o
Information about individuals is being kept in many databases:
o
Banks
o
Utility companies
o
Government agencies
o
Credit reporting companies
v Social Networking Sites
*Protecting
Privacy:
Ø Privacy Codes and Policies : An organization’s
guidelines with respect to protecting the privacy of customers, clients, and employees.
ü Opt-out
Model
informed consent permits the
company to collect personal information until the customer specifically
requests that the data not be collected.
ü Opt-in
Model
informed consent means that organizations are prohibited from collecting
any personal information unless the customer specifically authorizes it.
Ø P3P Platform for Privacy Preferences Project
·
Industry standard designed to
give users more control over personal information
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